Infections caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens. Nosocomial infections

1. Big picture

This topic is about two connected problems:

1. Nosocomial / healthcare-associated infections: infections acquired during healthcare exposure, typically in hospital, intensive care unit, long-term care, dialysis, surgery, or after invasive devices.
2. Multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs): pathogens resistant to multiple antibiotic classes, making empirical treatment harder, mortality higher, and infection-control measures essential.

For the exam, the most important sentence is:

**In severe nosocomial infection, treat early and broadly according to the suspected site, patient risk factors, previous cultures, and local resistance rates — then de-escalate once